Chicha a traditional, fermented corn drink @Cusco Peru

Note 112 Kin/Kim/Ki/Qui/Km means Qing (Chinese)

滿清人 Kin/Kim/Ki/Qui/Km means

Qing (Qing-Manchurian-Chinese)
at Beitou/Keelung/Taoyuan
by Ketagalan/Spanish/Atayal

1. Ki-pataw (Beitou)

2. Kim-paoli 金包里 = Qing - parian 清包里 'China town' - Fuzhou in 17th century Keelung

3. Atayal - Km/Kin - Qing (Qing-Manchurian-Chinese)

Note 113 Witch - indigenous interpretation

The Rapa Nui and The Ketagalan

Volcanic waters (Rano Kau) means Witch's cauldron by the Rapa Nui in Easter Island

Beitou known for hotsprings in Ketagalan means Witch 女巫 ki-pataw (Spanish Qui-patao).

- Ki/Qui for sure means 清 Qing (Chinese)

- pataw (beitou) not sure root word. But almost certainly does not mean 'Chinese witch'!

(臺北市北投區的命名，是源自凱達格蘭族語。清國時期有一群凱達格蘭族人聚居於此，族人以族語「女巫 ki-pataw 」來稱呼當地，於是清國人則以族語「女巫 ki-pataw 」的發音，書寫為「北投社」)

Note 114 Cultural vs Genetic DNA

I recently got curious about Tsou's striking features and cursory googled to discover that Takeo Kanaseki - my father's teacher - who among other Japanese scholars - was allowed to stay on in Taiwan after WWII to continue medical/anthropological research.

Apparently he conducted a series of rigorous research on The Tsou biological distinctions and Yuanshan archeological site investigation - but results never been officially published.

cultural vs genetic DNA is an intense and controversial topic. I understand that.

My interest however was very straightforward - I was interested that two ethnic groups known to be cultural and linguistic closely related in fact are surprisingly different in genetic distinction. (Tsou and Bunun for example)

Also, such as northern and southern Tsou - you would have thought they were intimately connected - but they were not.

Highlander Tsou's lung volume was also a surprise - lower than Amis.

These differences are interesting - although 'thorny' to ask, let alone to explore.

Note 115 Paiwan Tjimur (after 1910)

Brugmansia suaveolens (大花曼陀羅)

was introduced to Taiwan from South America in 1910.

Tjimur therefore - regardless its associated cultural and linguistic contexts - couldn't have existed in Paiwan culture before 1910.

At Machu Picchu

Note 116 -

Regardless being singled out by Austronesian linguists for its ‘Proto’ - ness in their hypotheses.

Mega-major Paiwan/Rukai words can be just Latin.

Example- millet and clouded leopard.

And if you see different/ inconsistent Rukai millet vocabulary today - then that’s just one evidence that it is a loanword.

Note 117

Hsinchu The old 'Deer Farm' area

From left to right

U'lay 湯社 (Yu in Japanese)

Bu-la-gu 部落

Sika deer (lok) 斯卡鹿

Yulu 養老（Yoro in Japanese)

姜秀鑾（客家話：Giong` Siuˇ-lan 1783 - 1846）
秀巒 - 姜（控）秀巒

Note 118

How Atayal loanwords evolve and interchange

Bu-la/ Biru/Qalang 竹欄/圍/部落
布拉谷（Bu la 部落 ku）部落谷

Note 119
Paiwan Qualjat - Atayal Qalang - Fence

Qing document 竹圍

Based on Qing document - Fence. Homeland. Protected land.

#竹欄/竹圍 Qalang /Qualjat

Slate 石片 (Paiwan) Bamboo 竹圍 (Paiwan, Atayal)

Note 120 Tao Lanyu flying fish and 刺桐

刺桐 in Lanyu (Orchid Island) flowering season is Flying fish season.

# 鬆軟木材

# Tao /Paiwan

“suvan” - Tao word for 刺桐 very likely a Chinese loanword meaning soft wood 鬆軟木材 .

“vucul” - Paiwan word for 刺桐 possible a derivation. meaning soft wood 鬆軟木材

刺桐的達悟話叫“suvan”，意思是「鬆軟木材」，所以在蘭嶼，刺桐的枝條可被砍來當籬笆或是作為薪柴，除此之外，它也是蘭嶼島上的一種重要的植物，因為當刺桐綻開火紅的花朵時，就表示飛魚季開始了。春天是刺桐的花期，所以在這時候前往蘭嶼，出了機場向右走（往紅頭方向），約百步時往山邊望去就是刺桐了！

Note 121
Saliva fermentation. Alcoholic beverage method
The first record of the method practiced in Taiwan is on Papora-Hoanya in 1736 臺海使槎錄. 黍 was chewed to make the alcoholic beverage.

The woman on the photo is Saisiyat documented by scholar in 1956. 秫/糯 was chewed.

Record of such practice in China appeared in 6 AD.

Kuchikamizake (口噛み酒; mouth-chewed sake) - Japan Ryukyu Ainu. Chewed by virgin - a well known practice.

Amazonia

Throughout the Amazon Basin (including the interiors of Ecuador, Peru, Colombia, and Brazil), chicha is usually made from cassava, but also cooking plantain is known to be used. Traditionally, the women chew the washed and peeled cassava and spit the juice into a bowl. Cassava root is very starchy, and therefore the enzymes in the preparer's saliva rapidly convert the starch to simple sugar, which is further converted by wild yeast or bacteria into alcohol. After the juice has fermented in the bowl for a few hours, the result will be mildly sweet and sour chicha, similar in appearance to defatted milk. In Colombian Amazonia, the drink is called masato.

Note 122

'The Qalang Smangus' means 'Territoires dès Sauvages'.

HERE.

Note 123

Amis-Kavalan-Tao (Lanyu)

#Ali Ali-ban-bang Ali-von-von

# 刺桐 #桐

#Tao Flying fish

No 124

#Tao Flying-fish Ali bang bang # Chinese loanwods

#bang bang - 桐 # 刺桐 Zaitun

No. 125

# Tnunan is Chinese 秀巒（姜秀巒 - Da’ai 大隘 founder)

# Smangus is French Sauvages (Savages)

# Icyeh is Chinese Yeh 葉

N0. 126

巴義慈神父(Alberto Papa) and his God's Language on the Atayal HERE.

Note 127

# Naxi ‘Fence’ ended up in Taiwan -

# Homeland/Tribal land in several indigenous languages/culture.

Followed by a series of synonyms developed from this Chinese phrase for different indigenous groups.

Documented in Qing literature.

(Naxi drawing by 李乾朗)

Note 128

The Dragon and the Rainbow (Blust) Flawed -

in terms of linguistic facts

Note 129

Truku M - Italian papa God's language

Note 130

Tree- Covered Boulders in the Highlands - Linguistic Facts (Smangus. Pusu Qhuni) and Religions on Weaving.

HERE.

Note 131 Indigenous weaving facts

Tao (Kavalan) banana-fiber-weaving used introduced banana species such as Singapore in 1900s.

Indigenous banana-fiber-weaving - Introduced banana species such as from Singapore (before WWII) for its strength and length.

Under Japanese Administrations before WWII - Taiwan was one of the two places produce banana-fiber- fabric, the other is Okinawa.

Note 132 Indigenous Weaving Facts - Mother and Father of Indigenous Weaving (Atayal)

1 羅麥瑞（Maryta Laumann) German Nun is known ‘Mother of Weaving’ among the indigenous.

2 Yuma Taru studied under Maryta Laumann in Taipei before restoring Atayal tradition in Miaoli.

3. Alberto papa (Taoyuan) combined religious symbols, weaving and Atayalic language and published indigenous dictionary.

Note 133

Ali-bang-bang Tao Flying fish is Chinese loanwords -

bang from 刺桐

Atayal 'hang' 'ang' is also loanwords from the same Chinese word root 桐

Note 134 16th century Formosa (The Boxer Codex) 馬尼拉手稿

Note 135 19th century Formosa

Note 136 Weaving - can't do Circle

Note 137 Nazca Line - you can not weave circle.

No. 138 Feather (Leaf ) Offering to Spirits

No. 139 Ki-pataw (Qing-witch) (Chinese-witch) Beitou

# Ki-pataw (Qing/Chinese - witch) # Linguistic fact/logic

Yesterday I took MRT to Beitou to check out the location for a forthcoming event.

I came across 番仔廟 of major significance - claimed to be the only existing Pingpu community in Greater Taipei.

If you go by Inō Kanori’s and historians’ account that pataw means Witch in Basay / Katagalan language. And you believe Beitou is developed from indigenous language.

Then you would be saying-

Beitou name in origin # ki-pataw means “Chinese-Witch”.

That’s the linguistic logic and fact.

Note 140 Quelang/Keelung etymology

Quelang (Keelung) and Qalang or Qulijat (with a number of indigenous variations) should all be the same - meaning 'Fence' ' 'Territories' 'Protected Land' aka 圍欄.

HERE

Note 141 Bunun-Atayal- Same tradition. Same Chinese loanwords. Three-stone-legged stove.

# Atayal/Bunun Slate and Bamboo shared tradition

1. Same word root - Chinese loanwords

部落。竹子。三石灶
2. Same function
3. Same tradition same development
4. Same Chinese loanwords -
Ang Qalang 部落 village /community
Ru/lu 竹子 bamboo
ba/ha/a 三 three
5. Except Atayal has a Gaga tripod for cooking. Bunun no.4 don’t use ‘Gaga’ . But same concept for cooking. Same development.
6. bear is Japanese ‘Kuma’. (Bunun where black bears live)

Note 142 Reed Structure - Bunun . Uros Peru

Reed Structures built on stone.

Different roof - Bunun is thatched. Titicaca's is reed stems.

No. 143 Bunun 'family' 'ancestral' house 家屋 is 'bamboo house' (Chinese loanword) (Qing document).

# Atayal/Bunun Slate and Bamboo shared tradition

Shared with Atayal. No wonder!

No wonder ! - the answer is here.

It all - once again - developed from Qing document.

(This explains why Bunun 家屋 is 'bamboo' because they shared the context with Atayal. Source is clear - Qing document)

Note 144

1885 French Map of Northern Formosa

Tribus Tango/ Smangus /Pusu-Qhuni /Kim (Qing)-poli

Note 145 The closest point between Taiwan and China is Hsinchu 新竹 - Pingtan 平潭

# Three-legged stove 三腳灶（鼎）

The closest point between Taiwan and China is Hsinchu 新竹 - Pingtan 平潭 - I leaned from ‘Black Cat Squadrons’ expert and book writer a couple of years ago.

Recently I noticed on a book that 三石灶 three-legged stone stove tradition restored across Indigenous Taiwanese - photo is Bunun and Atayal who also share bamboo and slate structure tradition.

Such traditions are used to explain migration and diaspora among indigenous groups.

Pingtan-Fujian stove legs are ceramic.

Note 146 Archeological discovery- Stove stands

Taiwan-Fujian- Japan

Taiwan/Fujian same 3-legged stand. （鼎）

Japan - 2 hands . 2 legs.

Note 147 Shell mounds 殼丘 (Keqiu) archeology Fujian

# Fujian - Austronesian claim (?) # Shell mounds 殼丘# Matsu 馬祖# Pingtan 平潭 # Facts

A more convenient way to ‘debunk’ PRC Fujian Austronesian claim should one want to is by using another ‘Fujian’ established archeological evidence-
ie Matsu 馬祖 and its Shell-mound 殼丘8000 years old man and woman.

Note 148
# Matsu to Pingtan is 44 kilometers

# Pingtan to Hsinchu is 120 kilometers (the shortest distance between Taiwan and China)
# The oldest human remains discovered under “ROC- controlled territory” is 8300 years old .

(The archipelago forms Lienchiang, the smallest county in the ROC-controlled territories by area and population, as well as one of two counties that is a part of the nominal Fuchien Province.)

Note 149 串珠

享和三年癸亥漂流臺灣チョプラン島之記

日本官員秦貞廉（村上貞助）記錄日本船隻（順吉丸）船長文助，因海岸沖飄至秀姑鸞阿美部落之見聞（1802-06）

# チョプラン島 Ci'poran （1803)
# 串珠 (チャーガヲ) (1803)
# 玉造 Tamayu (7/8th century. 1300 years ago)

Some points (questions) about Zalan’s information -
1. The ‘drilling’ tool I saw exactly the same in Tamayu Shimane Japan - history goes back 1300 years ago.
2. Questions- why always a team of three-people in the process?
1300 years ago in Shimane Japan and same in 1803 description on Eastern Taiwan?
3. Amis traditional Black - according to Professor Lin (Anthropology NTU) is a tradition influenced by Hakka. Rukai and Paiwan were influenced by Amis.
I believe Lin’s explanation. That makes sense.
4. The Chinese description of 1803 don’t know what has been added to the original or what has been rewritten into what we have been told or read - Professor Lin (NTU) think 串珠(チャーガヲ) for garments for ‘trade’ as described is not an ‘exchange’ as ‘currency’.
I also believe Lin’s explanation. That makes sense.

5. The 7 or 8 wives - whoever's writing - is ambiguous and highly questionable.