The Polish Ethnologist Who Saved Ainu Heritage. Germanic-American Anthropologists Dominance (Anthropology Observation VI 181

Zakopane Southern Poland

Note 181 - Germanic-American Linguists Dominance

Old Cemetery at Pęksowy Brzyzek
(The Cemetery of Distinguished People)
Zakopane Poland

Bronisław Piłsudski a Polish ethnologist most famous for his pioneering research on the language and culture of the Ainu people. Bronisław researched the Ainu people after he was exiled by Tsar Alexander III of Russia to the Far East.

'Piłsudski and Ainu heritage' is a fascinating subject I came across while visiting Zakopane which relate me to Germanic/Jewish American linguists/anthropologists dominance of what's been around us over the last half-century (including Grace and Blust hypothetical Austronesian linguistic claims for Taiwan).

# Robert Blust # George William Grace # Joseph Harold Greenberg # Melville Jean Herskovits # Franz Uri Boas

Franz Uri Boas (July 9, 1858 – December 21, 1942) was a German-American anthropologist and ethnomusicologist. He was a pioneer of modern anthropology who has been called the "Father of American Anthropology". His work is associated with the movements known as historical particularism and cultural relativism.

Note 182 The Battle of Shalu Village on Dutch Records

Dr Chen Yao-chang (陳耀昌) and I didn’t communicate much. He had his own world. But he knew I understood what/why he did.

And on the occasions that we did speak- on what seemed to be thorny issues/ he had always been very frank with me and a couple of times called me to offer ‘cautions’.

1. Indigenous 'Paylang' 白浪 (Taiwanese Han) = Taiwanese Hokkien ‘pháinn-lâng’ 歹人 (Bad People) HERE.

2. The Battle of Shalu Village - only 6 survived.

“Out of HOW MANY- 6 survived” is the kind of question historians should also ask. There is a difference between

“Out of 150, 6 survived” and

“Out of 2000, 6 survived”.

133. 1662 The Formosan Encounter - Dutch with 16 indigenous chieftains and elders

P 476
On 5 May, May himself witnessed a public ceremony in which sixteen principal captains and elders of the village Sincan, Soulang, Mattauw, Dorcko and Bacaluan knelt down in front of Coxinga to subject themselves to their new suzerain and pay their homage to him. All of them were dressed for the occasion in blue and gold coloured mandarin gowns with gold and blue silk belts and small hats adorned with some gold leaves and red [horse] hair.

(前恭後倨 Well received then turned around and killed)

P 477
At the end of July, the inhabitants of a group of northern villages, belonging to the Ruler of Middagh, had plotted to kill Chinese soldiers in their sleep and, according to May, they had indeed killed about 1,400 men. The people from the southern village of Lonckjouw had massacred about 700 Chinese.

(700 killed in the south and in the north 大肚王 murdered 1400 鄭軍)

3. Puyuma /Eastern indigenous have a tendency to support Kuomingtang.

Because they are historically connected with China . What do you expect? Right? HERE.

Note 183 Puyuma name for the Amis historical means slave??

濮僕 Slave (Chinese word and Chinese meaning)

Hypothetical etymology indulgence

Puyuma name for the Amis historical means slave . Does it make sense??
At least indigenous scholars explain where this word 濮 come from. And provide evidence Amis/ Puyuma use of this word isn't Chinese. I seriously doubt it’s ‘indigenous’ root if Pu means ‘Slave’ 僕.

Note 184
Atap (Malay) - Roof Nipa palm (mangrove palm)

The Cham People - Austronesian . Vietnam

These palm trees are called nipah or atap in Malay meaning roof. Indeed, it is used to make roof in Vietnam (too).

Chinese 水椰 (literal water palm)
@ Cam Thanh Island Vietnam

While "Cam Nam" specifically refers to an island near Hoi An, Vietnam, the broader "Cham people" are an Austronesian ethnic group that originally inhabited this area before the expansion of the Khmer and Vietnamese empires.

Note 185 # The Cham # Austronesian

Language: The Cham language is Austronesian, which is part of the larger Malayo-Polynesian language family that includes languages spoken in places like Indonesia, the Philippines, and Madagascar.

Note 186 北投（Beitou) looks like 發

Of course 投/發 means OUT - from you to them.

忽然覺得這個’北投’ 長得像’發’.
當然 - 投, 發同義
都是’丟出去’ 的意思。

Note 187 小黃 photos I took with ancient civilizations -

Egypt Maya Peru Mexico Easter-island .
(Of course I saw several in Vietnam- one of the oldest civilization - but not with a signature landmark.)

Note 188 # 竹圍/圍欄/竹欄 Based on Qing document

Qualjat Qalang

Note 189 # Small round boat (Avoid boat-tax) Vietnam

For central Vietnam made of bamboo - it was said to have developed to avoid boat-tax imposed by French (19th century). First used as tax-free transport then developed into fishermen’s boats.

The coracle is a small, lightweight boat. They were used in Wales, parts of Western and South West England, Ireland,and ScotlandThe word is also to describe similar boats from India, Vietnam, Iraq and Tibet. The word "coracle" comes from the Welshword cwrwgl. This is related to the Irish and Scottish Gaelic word currach. It is recorded in English as early as the 16th century. Other old English spellings include corougle, corracle, curricle and coricle.

Note 190 All About 1935

# 1935 - all about 1935.

# 1935 Saisiyat ceremonial ritual account 40 years later overthrown by ROC ethnologist and linguist branding 1935 Taro family assistances and information unreliable. HERE.

In 1935, the Japanese colonial government celebrated the 40th anniversary of its rule in Taiwan with a large-scale exposition in Taipei, showcasing development and modernization. During this year, Taiwan also held its first local elections with limited suffrage, and the devastating Hsinchu-Taichung earthquake struck, highlighting both progress and vulnerability in the colony. The year also represented a peak in economic development, particularly in sugar production, although these advances primarily benefited Japan.

Note 191
Indigenous interpretations moving away from historical facts - Saisiyat example

Mountain peppercorn to assign Hakka presence and preach 'Harmony' via 'ta'ay' legend. HERE.

Note 192
#Dog hair headband (17th century) #Ethatao #下塔悠 # Tatayu #Etayu #Pingpu

These may have contained dog hair called ‘ethatao’ - 下塔悠. Possible. Especially if it’s headscarf. Yes.

“We were told the area our ancestors settled should be pronounced as 'Etayu' ' Says 許家銘.”

(Yesterday I met a 'Tatayu ' 塔塔悠 descendant 許家銘 who gave a lively and interesting talk at 'Taiwan-Old-Family 4th Conference'.
'Tatayu' means the headband made mixing dog fur commonly with ramie/cotton/tree bark traditionally followed by a red dye. This practice was documented as early as 1600s by Dutch missionary Georgius Candidius.)……

READ HERE

Note 193 Takasago International Corporation (高砂香料工業株式会社)

This is amazing- learned from my cultural friend

Major international producer of flavours and fragrances headquartered in Japan, is named after Taiwan. And more - 高砂香料 location (1935) was in my Da’an neighborhood!

Note 194 Hokutolite 北投石

北投石碑 曾經在我祖父洪長庚家庭院.

“石碑原預定立於發現北投石的北投公園內，後因第二次世界大戰影響暫存於北投天狗庵（岡本氏進行調查時暫居之處）。1960年代徐坤泉先生於天狗庵廚房地板上發現，並將石碑搬移至其所經營的文士閣夜花園中。其後又經杜聰明博士協調，轉置於洪長庚醫師（亦為受岡本氏啟發之礦物研究者）之大稻埕達觀眼科醫院庭院內。最後於1963年達觀眼科改建時搬移至善光寺，並於該年3月29日除幕。”

Note 195 Viet-Nam and Asian Value Dragon

Chiwen guards wooden structure from fire. 螭吻，蚩吻,水麒麟

Note 196 hải sản 海產 Seafood Cảm ơn 感恩 Gratitude

Vietnam and Taiwan

Seafood and Thank-you are the same in Taiwanese (Hokkien) and in Vietnamese.

# hải sản 海產 Seafood

# Cảm ơn 感恩 Gratitude

Note 197 Douhua 豆花 savoury -sweet

Adding Vietnam to my ‘collection’ of Douhua.

In its origin in China - it’s served savoury. (and can be a meal). Taiwan and SEAsia - served sweet. (As a snack)

@Yunnan, Beijing, Taipei, Manila, Hội An

Note 198 番 and 蕃

1. Indigenous (plains) not only called themselves 番，they also call Dutch (Westerns) 番。Examples are plenty.

2. Japanese didn’t just continue the 番 usage. They changed it to 蕃。 Japanese didn’t like the writing of 番. And 番 has several meanings in Japanese none of them ‘uncivilized’

蕃 looks more aesthetic , so Japanese changed it. Examples are plenty.

Note 199 櫸

A tree significant in indigenous culture (Saisiyat Bunun) I found grown significantly in Japan.

櫸 Zelkova serrata
「櫸」的日文是「けやき/ケヤキ」(日文漢字為「欅」)，在日本古名為「つく」(槻)。

Note 200 Hanging Coffin - Pu (濮)

Hanging Coffin- this is fascinating.

And these are photos of hanging coffins I took in 2017 in Fujian .

(The Bo people were native to southeastern Sichuan. By the Zhou dynasty, they were called Pu (濮) (Old Chinese (B-S): *pˤok) and mentioned among allies of Zhou against Shang. The Pu or Hundred Pu (百濮) was a designation of different peoples living in the upper Yangtze river area, similar to the Hundred Yue of south Yangtze. The Hundred Pu was eventually conquered by the Ba state. The Qin dynasty invaded the Ba state in 316 BC and absorbed into its empire.)

Note 201 Vietnamese -Dutch- Kingdom of Middag - Tamsui Pingpu

I see! Questions- Possibilities.

1. Nguyễn (阮) clan population in Changhua -

So, this Nguyễn (阮) clan may have some connection with Vietnam ? Yes?

2. Kingdom of Middag and northern Plains indigenous in Tamsui may well have Vietnamese-mix brought in by Dutch. Yes?

Source - HERE.

Hoi An - South-East Asian trading port dating from the 15th to the 19th century.

N0te 202 French connection 大花曼陀羅

Da Nang French Village

1. First - ‘Smangus’ is Atayal indigenous made-up word from French Sauvages (Savages).

Smangus

2. Second - understand the role 大花曼陀羅 played in Taiwan’s indigenous communities. Japanese introduced the flower from South America in 1900s.

3. In French village in Da Nang Vietnam - I saw abundant over hills and hills, a result of French cultivation.

Note 203

# Taokas/Saisiyat # 頭家 (Hokkien)

# 蟹 Taokas 蟹/解Saisiyat (Plains)
# 日 Plains Saisiyat # 日張（Chinese boy born in Fujian Saisiyat Chief)
Wow - this note is about Taokas and Saisiyat. Plains Saisiyat specifically. OR Taokas turned Saisiyat .

Here -
1. 蟹/解 HERE
2. 日張 HERE

Note 204 Beads process - Japan and Taiwan

The Taitung Amis Beads process (1803) including a team of 3 - I saw exactly the same in Shimane Japan ( Jade beads tradition in this area going back a thousand year)

Note 205 Inō Kanori Indigenous Pingpu Results

If you pick and take on one of Kanori’s eleven Indigenous Pingpu results published in 1899 -
You would have to take all of the 11’s - because that’s how he reached his results. Otherwise provide evidences for your own results.

Note 206 Historical Connection with Vietnam - by Land and by Sea.

Taiwan’s historical connection with Vietnam is more than that with any neighbor- it’s by land AND by sea. Both.

安南- Annamese. Land

The Cham 占 are Austronesian. Sea

@Lisbon Maritime Museum

(In the 17th century the Dutch East India Company came to the Far East to trade. The company brought Vietnamese laborers to northern Taiwan, where they took part in the construction of Fort Antonio (built from the ruins of the Spanish Fort San Domingo). Vietnamese also served as soldiers in Taiwan under the command of the Dutch.）

Note 207 Pu means Taiwan. Amutoura (Pingpu Saisiyat)

Unsolved -

# Pu means Taiwan
# Amutoura (Saisiyat -northern)

# Pu -濮 (Amis/Puyuma made-up. Possibility)
(Jade Mt Creations)

I have not been able to solve these -
I have a feeling - when I do, or when someone does….
It will to-an-extent discontinue the encouraged and indulged indigenous hypothetical claims and proposed etymologies going round for decades.

Note 208 Short-people mythical figure missing in Tao (Yami) -Lanyu

I reckon Tao do not support Ai-ren 矮人 mythical tale probably because Tao have their own Devil and Demons.

Indigenous scholars consider Tao’s 'Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) devil and demons'. Although note that these Tao devil & demons words are based on loanwords.

Obvious loanwords - pig 鬼. owl - from owl. Hokkien, Chinese, English etc. They are not ‘indigenous’ words.

toba means poison 魚籐

And according to Japanese plant collectors in Lanyu - devils trees 棋盤腳,林投樹 were considered demons because they grow where peoples were buried. Demons come and haunt you. Graveyard demons.

HERE. and HERE.

Note 209 Note how Japanese and Vietnamese (Ming dynasty) write 蓋